Moveover，Montgomery's account suggests that there are universally agreed medical ethical principles, whereas such principles differ both across and within jurisdictions, and also evolve time. Religious and cultural perspectives have important practical effects on biomedical principles. So, for example, a concept such as the sanctity of life is commonly respected by different faith groups, and is inherent in legal frameworks across jurisdictions. But sanctity of life can mean very different things when applied in practice. Its application is predicted upon agreement as to what life means and when it begins and ends.In addition, while the principles may be agreed in general, the extent to which it is amenable to exceptions may vary considerably.
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The rise of ethics consciousness in turn has been driven at least initially by engagement of health care professionals with biomedical ethical concepts, and less by the law. Certainly professional ethical tenets existed centuries before the recent development of biomedical ethics. One of the earliest statements of such a professional code was that of the Hippocratic Oath in Ancient Greece, one provision of which, exhorting health professionals to keep their patients' secrets, resonates throughout health care professional codes in the Western world today.
This is an interesting development as such engagement has undoubtedly helped to frame the manner in which health professionals self-regulate through the evolution of professional ethical codes. Thus biomedical ethics translates into professional ethics. Such professional ethical standards can ultimately affect health care law, in the evolution of legal standards. Biomedical ethicists today sit on ethics committees of medical professional regulatory bodies, assisting in the development of those professional guidelines.
There is undoubtedly an interface between professional biomedical ethics and health law. Jose Miola talks of a symbiotic relationship. Coggon argues that there is also an interface between academic medical law and academic medical ethics. Although their approaches and analytical concers differ, both have developed in response to particular questions such as how, and why, should medical practices be governed. Each informs the other. The conclusions they reach are often strikingly similar and are reflected in laws, regulations, guidance, and even dominant professional norms and mores. Equally, rather than academic medical ethics, others take the view that the better terminology should be health care ethics or health ethics.
6.State the
sides of the“nature-nurture"debate.In what
tWo
important way are nature and nurture not opposed to each other?(第5
章p89).
7.Explain Erving Goffman's idea that we engage in a“presentation of
self".What are the elements of this presentation? Apply this approach
to an analysis of a student attending a class in the classroom.(第6 章
p109).
differ from
8.What is primary group? How do
primary groups
secondary groups? Give examples of each in your own life.(第7 章
sides of the“nature-nurture"debate.In what
tWo
important way are nature and nurture not opposed to each other?(第5
章p89).
7.Explain Erving Goffman's idea that we engage in a“presentation of
self".What are the elements of this presentation? Apply this approach
to an analysis of a student attending a class in the classroom.(第6 章
p109).
differ from
8.What is primary group? How do
primary groups
secondary groups? Give examples of each in your own life.(第7 章
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