WEEK 1:
●DEFINATIONS
Scientism: claims that science alone can render truth about the world and reality.
Scientific: Anti Pseudoscience
Scientology: Religious Science
●LOGIC FALLACY
Red herring is an idiomatic expression referring to the rhetorical or literary tactic of diverting attention away from an item of significance.
顾左右而言他;不相干的理由。[例:我承认这个方法不错，但问题是这事情整个就是荒唐的。 例2：我提议把申请奖学金的条件再弄得严一点。希望你也能赞成..现在学校本来就欠着债，再这样下去我们的工资都得受影响了。]
argument by gibberish
辩来辩去都是胡扯，这一点要找例子，去看网易新闻评论就行
inconsistency
自相矛盾
slippery slope
《如果丘处机当年没路过牛家村，中国是今天最发达的国家》
ad hominem
人身攻击：“这人品行不端，能唱出什么好听的歌来？”
Appeal to ignorance：Because some facts are in doubt, it is impossible to draw a conclusion.
19世纪的人：太阳的年龄不可能超过100万年，就算上面全是煤和氧气，也总该烧完了
（还可以引伸到“砖家说是对的，看来肯定不对了”类论点，但不用记）
Appeal to authority
爱因斯坦说它是对的，所以它对
Ad populum
大家都反对，这个建议肯定不好/三人成虎
●
Political use of science terms
• Sound science – favorable studies
that back up a belief.
• Junk science - studies that do not
back up a particular belief.
●DEEDS AND KNOWLEDGES：
Sir Richard Doll was the first to establish a link between SMOKING and cancer.
The two major reasons that agruments occur are SEMANTICS and differing WORLDVIEWS
●Dr. Carl Sagans Baloney Detection Kit
卡尔萨根：胡扯探测包
对于一个像伪科学的观点：
• How reliable are the sources of the claim? Is
there a reason to believe that they might have
an agenda to pursue in this case?
1 来源可靠么？
• Have the claims been verified by other
sources? What data are presented in support of
this opinion?
2 有其他的来源佐证么？数据？
• What position does the majority of the scientific
community hold in this issue?
3 主流科学界的观点呢。
• How does this claim fit with what we know
about how the world works? It this a reasonable
assertion or does it contradict established
theories?
4 符合自然规律么？和已有的理论冲不冲突？
• Are the arguments balanced and logical?
Have proponents of a particular position
considered alternate points of view or only
selected supportive evidence for their
particular beliefs.
5 合不合逻辑？要大家都来讨论，不能选择性忽视不支持的人。
• What do you know about the sources of
funding for a particular position? Are they
financed by groups with partisan goals?
6（类似1）理论的来源，是个什么情况？有没有政治目的什么的
• Where was evidence for competing
theories published? Has it undergone
impartial peer review or is it only in
proprietary publication?
7 竞争性的观点呢？有没有让持中立态度的人看过？

WEEK 2
●Principle’s of Geology, Vol.2,1832 Charles Lyell
• Lyell argued that
the Earth was much older than most people imagined.
• The same geological
processes observed in modern times had been at work for millions of years.
• The world had come
about through ’causes now in operation’.
• Lyell argued that
species became extinct because they no longer fit their environments as the world changed.
●Origin of Species
• Most controversial book Darwin wrote
• Descendants are modified from their ancestors by Natural Selection
• Variants of similar types come from common ancestors
• All life is descendent from one or a few common ancestor(s).
• Modifications not random but follow specific laws of nature.
• No mention of“Survival of the fittest”.(是Herbert Spencer提出的)
• The word“Evolution”is not mentioned.
●Carl Linnaeus
Linnaeus considered species to be:
• Distinct and Monotypic
• Immutable and created as such
• Breeding True
●Natural Selection
• Darwin’s observation throughout the voyage of the Beagle indicated that such stability and immutability of species was incorrect.
• Organisms had to have a source of variation
• Useful variation occurs
• Individuals having useful variation have the best chance of being preserved in the struggle of life
• From the strong principle of inheritance they will tend to produce offspring similarly characterized
• More individuals are born than can possibly survive
• Individuals having any advantage, however slight, over others would have the best chance of surviving and procreating their kind.
• Variation in the least injurious would be rigidly destroyed.
• Natural selection is the preservation of favourable variations and the reject of injurious variations.
• Neutral variations would be left fluctuating
●Darwin’s Theory of Inheritance
• Deviations of structure are due to the nature of the conditions of life (Environment)
• The reproductive system is eminently susceptible to changes in the conditions of life (Environmental)
●Mendel’s Work (1865--‐1853)
• Mendel's paper was published in 1866 in Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereins Brünn.
• It was not recognized as important to inheritance
• Darwin was not familiar with it. (probably a good thing!)
• Three botanists --‐ Hugo DeVries, Carl Correns and Erich von Tschermak --‐ independently rediscovered Mendel's work in 1900. They helped expand awareness of the Mendelian laws of inheritance in the scientific world.
●EXTRAS:
Nazca Plate + South American Plate —→ the Galapagos islands

WEEK 3
●NAME
Ladder of Life=Chain of Being=Scala Naturae≠Phylogeny
↑..............↑...............↑
前三个全是错的(把进化当升级)；Phylogeny则是树状表
●Darwin and the word "Evolution"
• Darwin never used the “e” word extensively
• He did use the word evolution as referring to his process in the “Descent of Man”, 1871.
• He never used the word in the title of a book.
• In his book on human history he emphasized the “descent” of our species, not its “ascent”.
●EXTRA
·Darwin’s mechanism of Natural Selection would yield only increasing adaptation to a local environment, not a predictable progress either in a universal (or theological) sense nor as to the beaerment of an organism by increased complexity, mentality, etc.
·Homologous bone elements in: Human, Cat, Whale, Bat, Alligator, Penguin
●According to Ernst Mayr, evolution is:
1. The gradual process by which the living world has been developing following the origin of life
2. The genetic turnover of individuals of every population from generation to generation
3. Change in the properties of populations of organisms over time.
☆Evolution IS NOT
change in gene frequency
EXTRAS：
·EVOLUTION: consists of changes in the heritable traits of a population
of organisms as successive generations replace one another. It is
populations of organisms that evolve, not individual organisms.
·The gradual process by which the living world has been developing following the origin of life
●Why did the term evolution stick?
• Darwin’s contemporaries accepted most of Darwin’s concepts.
• They could not accept the views about cause and paaerns of change.
• They could not surrender the traditional view that human consciousness must represent a predictable apex of biological existence.
• Darwin felt the meaning of the term evolution would change to fit his views
●What is a CLADE:

●About several terms:
• Survival of the fittest:
A term that refers to the survival of only those organisms best able (fiaest) to obtain and utilize resources, resulting in the evolution of organisms that are best adapted to the environment. Darwin used metaphorically to describe "natural selection." The phrase was invented by the 19th century philosopher Herbert Spencer It has been misapplied through history to explain and justify social and economic inequities in human populations ("social Darwinism") or as a method for improving the human condition through selective breeding (eugenics). Survival alone is insufficient for evolution— it's reproduction— passing on of genes that really counts. Most modern biologists no longer use this term when describing or discussing natural selection.
• Natural selection:
Differential survival and reproduction of organisms as a consequence of the characteristics of the environment.
• Adaptation:
The adjustment or changes in behavior, physiology, and structure of an organism to become more suited to an environment. According to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, organisms that possess heritable traits that enable them to beaer adapt to their environment compared with other members of their species will be more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass more of their genes on to the next generation.
●About Edward Cope
Natural Selection predicts that competition selects for increased ecological specialization.
Specialization in turn, is an evolutionary dead end with specialist less likely to evolve than a generalist.
(Extra: Cope's rule states that population lineages tend to increase in body size over evolutionary time.)
●Convergent Evolution:各自进化，刚好进化出相像的东西来
例如狼和袋狼(Tasmanian wolf - Australia）
●Darwin’s Five Major Theories of Evolution
• The nonconstancy of species
• The descent of all organisms from common ancestors
• The gradualness of evolution
• The multiplication of species
• Natural selection

WEEK 4（略）
●Speciation
wheed(?)
●where are the variations come from?
Was Darwin right?(about the question above)
• Darwin’s theory involved “soft inheritance”.
• That is to say the environment can affect the heredity of an organism
●Mendel’s Theory of inheritance
●Neodarwinism and Nondarwinism
●Punctuated equilibrium
●Lamarck
●Epigenetics

WEEK 5
[Lecture：Domestication and Wheat Domestication]
野生的小，人工选种、种植的大

要点：10000年前开始；大片种植有部分营养损失的代价


●Domestication：
Adapting or taming of wild species of plants or animals to be used by humans
Agriculture as an approach to meeting food need was a gradual process likely lasting thousands of years

You can find chart about Neolithic crops and their progenitors around here.
●About climate change:
HEAT depressing yields
Many plants can adapt(like field mustard which is annual plant)
●About corn domestication:
Approximately 2% maize genes show evidence of artificial selection.
BAT CAVE(New Mexico): Some use 3000 BCE as the date of introduction of maize to the Cave.
Oldest: 6250 years ago from Guila Naquitz Cave
First Domestication: POPPING
●Key Word:Knob (略)
最后：


WEEK 5
[Discussion Part: All About Turkey]
略

WEEK 6
[Lecture: Domestication of Cattle and Swine]
·Taxonomic lineage of Bos taurus
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Ar5odactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Bovinae
Genus: Bos
Species: Bos taurus
•
Cattle belong to an ancient and diverse group of mammals,
Cetartiodactyla (even--‐toed ungulates, includes whales, hippos,
ruminants, pigs, camels etc.) that first appeared around 60 million
years ago.
• The two principal taxonomic groups of domesIc cattle,
Bos taurus (taurine cattle) and Bos indicus (zebu cattle) diverged from a
common ancestor 250,000 years ago, and have had been associated with
human civilizaIon since Neolithic Imes 8,000–10,000 years ago.
• All modern cattle breeds originate from large populaIons of the ancestral aurochs (Bos taurus primigenius).
●Cattle Domestication
•
Remains of domesIcated cattle daIng to 6,500 B.C. have been found in
Turkey and other sites in the Near East approach this age also. Some
authoriIes date the domesIcaIon of cattle as early as 10,000 years ago,
and others almost half that amount of Ime. Regardless of the Ime frame
it is generally accepted that the domesIcaIon of cattle followed sheep,
goats, pigs and dogs.
• Modern domesIc cattle evolved from a single
early ancestor, the aurochs. In addiIon to prehistoric painIng that help
us idenIfy the appearance of the auroch the species actually survived
unIl relaIvely modern Imes. It is believed the last surviving member of
the species was killed by a poacher in 1627 on a hunIng reserve near
Warsaw, Poland. The species may have survived in small number in other
parts of the world unIl a later date but there is no evidence to support
this theory.
• Early cattle served a triple--‐purpose. They
provided meat, milk and labor to their owners. Eventually their drae
purposes were largely replaced by horses and much later by machinery so
they were selected more for single or in some cases dual purposes.
Indicus - 有突起骨头
Auroch - Cattle祖先
泽布牛和讨厌牛 - Y染色体
……


WEEK 7
Lecture：昆虫和进化
西方玉米Borer
东方玉米Borer
Discussion：Mammal Evolution
没时间系统总结了，就TM到这吧

对以后复习的建议：把各章关键词整合在前面 并注明出处、查阅地点

这是啥。。。

当然是复习资料了啊= =

完全不懂，…

一个关于进化论的课，附带讲了一点逻辑学和许多农业起源的知识，属于农学...13号期末考试，已经考完了 估计能得99分因为是开卷= =
不过我落下过几个总结和一个论文...估计期末成绩也就B了